Power sharing

      ch-1   Power Sharing

Power sharing - It is an arrangement in which all the segments of society enjoy an equal share of power.

Belgium: It is a country in Europe with the capital city Brussels Its area is near about area of Haryana and it shares boundaries. with Netherland, Germany, France & Luxembourg and population is about I crore.

Ethnic:- Difference in caste, Religion, Language, culture

Brussels (capital country)

Majority-  french speaking 80%. 

Minority-  Dutch speaking  20% 

Ethnic composition (Belgium country)

Majority-  Dutch speaking 59%

Minority-  French speaking 40%, German speaking 1%

Q Why Ethnic composition of Belgium is considered complex?

Ans Ethnic composition of Belgium is considered complex because in the country Dutch speaking is the majority and french and german are a minority but in capital french speaking is the majority and Dutch speaking is a minority.

Q Why there were tensions b/w the french and dutches b/w the 1950s and 1960s?

 Ans The minority French-speaking community was relatively rich and powerful. This was represented by the Dutch-speaking being the majority and French and German being the majority but in the capital french speaking is the majority and Dutch speaking is a minority.

Q why does Brussels presents a special problem?

Ans Brussels presented a special problem. the Dutch-speaking People constituted a majority in the country and a majority in the Capital. 

Accommodation in Belgium

Q. How begins leaders accommodated french and dutches in their country? or what are the special features of the Belgium model?

Ans  B/w 1970 and 1993, they amended their constitution four times.

To set up a piece between the two communities.

 1. The number of dutch and french speaking ministers shall be equal in the central government

2. Much power of the central government, has been given to the state government of the two regions of the country. 

3. Brussels has a separate government in which both communities have equal representation.

4. Apart from the central and state governments there is a third kind of government. This community government is elected by people belonging to one language community Dutch, French, and German.

 German speaking 

No matter when they live. This government. has the power regarding cultural, educational and language-related issues.

 Ethnic composition

Sinhala speaker- 74% (Buddhist)

Tamil speaker-    18% [13%. (Srilankan Tamil)] [5% (Indian tamil)]

Christians- 7 Tamil or Sinhala

Majoritarianism in sir Lanka

A belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country in whichever way it wants.

Q Give points to prove that Sri Lanka is a majoritarian country. 

Ans Srilanka achieve independence in 1948 since then government adopted a series of majoritarian measures to establish Sinhala supremacy.

1. In 1956, an act was passed to recognize Sinhala as the only official language, thus disregarding Tamils.

2. The government followed Preferential Policies that favored Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs.

3. A new constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster (support) Buddhism.

Q Why did the feeling of alienation rise among the Tamils of  Sri Lanka?

Ans:

1. They felt that one of the major political parties led by the Buddhist Sinhala leaders was sensitive to their language and culture.

2. They felt that the constitution and government Policies denied them equal 

3. Political rights, discriminated against them in getting jobs and other opportunities and ignored their interest.

Q What were the demands of the Srilanka Tamils? were these demands fulfilled?

Ans  1. The Srilanka Tamils bunched Parties and struggled for the recognition of Tamil as an official language.

2. For regional autonomy.

3. Equality of opportunity in securing education and jobs.

4. But these demands by Tamils were repeatedly denied.

5. By the 1980's several political organizations were formed demanding an independent Tamil Elam (state) in northern and eastern parts of sir Lanka.

6. The distrust b/w the two communities turned into web spread conflict. It soon turned into a civil war.

7. As a result thousands of people of both communities have been killed.

Q why power sharing is desirable? 

Ans  There are two sets of reasons for Power sharing

 1. Moral reason                 

 2. Prudential reasons.

Moral reasons

1- Power sharing is the spirit of democracy.

2- Power Sharing involves people there who exercise Power (government) and those who are affected by it. (People)

3- People have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed. 4- A Legitimate governed.

A legitimate government is one whose citizens participate in the decision to making

Prudential reasons

1- Power sharing Helps to reduce the possibility of conflict b/w social groups. 

2- It is a good way to ensure the stability of the Political anger.

3- Lack of Power sharing leads to the Disunity of the nation.

4- Lack of Power Sharing not only rules minority but also the majority

Forms of Power sharing

1- Power sharing among different organs of government.

2- Power sharing among different levels of Government.

3-Power Staring among different Political Parties, a Pressure group. 

4- Power Sharing among different social groups.

1- Power staring among different organs of government.

Horizontal Distribution of Power organs of Government

1. Legislature(To make laws)

•   Lok Sabha

•  Rajya Sabha 

2. Executive

•   Political 

•   Permanent

3. Judiciary (To solve disputes)

•  Supreme court

•  High court

•  District court

2- Power sharing among different levels of government.

                                    OR

vertical distributing as Power Laws of Government

1. Laws of Government

2. Central of government

3. State Government

4. Local Government

3. Power sharing among different social groups.

Social groups based on

1. Linguistic

2. Religious

3. Caste based

4. weaker sections - Caste / religious minorities.

5. women

4. Power Sharing among different Political Parties, Pressure Groups & movements

In a democracy, political Parties have the right to contest elections voters have the right to choose the Parties of their choice and power does not remain in one hand. If a political Party does not get a clear majority in the election. Two or more parties combine together to form or live: This is called Coalition Government.

Pressure Groups are formed by traders, bussimanes, Industrie, Framers, and Industrial workers. They also have a share in Government  Power because they Pressure the Government to discussing making Process.

Movements are related to environment and social issuess such as chipke movement and Naramada bacyo Antole.

Q Why Horizontal Distribution of Power is known as system of checks and balances OR What is Horizontal Distribution Power?

Ans  Legislature, executive and Judiciary. Let us call this horizontal distribution of Power because it allows different organs of  government placed at the same level to exercise different power Such a sepration ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power each organs check the other. This Result in a balance of Power among various institution.

Minister and government officials exercise power, they are responsible to the parliament our state Assemblies. Judges an appointed by execution. they can check the funtioning of executive or laws made by the legislature. This arrangement is called a system of checks and balances.

Q What is federal Division of Power?

Ans The country which have more than I level of Government such as Central state on Local government each will enjoy different Power Given by the constitution.

Q Why Power sharing among different levels of Government Known as vertical distribution of Power?

Ans Power reduces from top to bottom vertically central Govt. Engays more power and rules entire country; state Govt. Rule over Particular states on local government such as munispility and Panchayat controls over districts.